A stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. Every second counts, and knowing the signs of a stroke can mean the difference between life and death, recovery and long-term disability. This simple guide will help you recognize a stroke quickly and take immediate action.

Major Stroke Symptoms

Stroke symptoms often appear suddenly and without warning. They can vary depending on which part of the brain is affected, but common signs include:

  • Sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body
  • Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech
  • Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes (blurred, blackened, or double vision)
  • Sudden severe headache with no known cause, sometimes described as “the worst headache of my life”
  • Sudden dizziness, loss of balance, lack of coordination, or trouble walking

The F.A.S.T. Check: How to Spot a Stroke

The F.A.S.T. acronym is a simple and effective tool to remember the most common stroke symptoms and what to do. If you suspect someone is having a stroke, think F.A.S.T.:

F is for FACE

  • Ask the person to smile.
  • Look for: One side of the face drooping or appearing uneven. The smile may be lopsided.

A is for ARMS

  • Ask them to raise both arms.
  • Look for: One arm drifting downward or being unable to lift equally.

S is for SPEECH

  • Ask them to repeat a simple sentence, such as “The sky is blue.”
  • Listen for: Slurred, strange, or garbled speech, or difficulty forming words.

T is for TIME

  • If you observe any of these signs, it’s TIME TO CALL 999 (or your local emergency number) IMMEDIATELY.
  • Do not wait to see if symptoms go away. Note the time when symptoms first appeared, as this can affect treatment options.

Other Important Stroke Signs to Remember

In addition to F.A.S.T., be aware of these possible symptoms:

  • Sudden numbness or weakness on one side of the body
  • Sudden confusion or disorientation
  • Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance
  • Sudden severe headache with no cause
  • Sudden vision problems

Why Acting Quickly Is Critical

Stroke treatments like clot-busting drugs (thrombolytics) and mechanical thrombectomy are most effective when given as soon as possible after symptoms begin. The longer a stroke goes untreated, the greater the risk of permanent brain damage, disability, or death.

Reducing Your Risk of Stroke

While not all strokes are preventable, you can lower your risk by managing health conditions and adopting a healthy lifestyle:

  • Control high blood pressure – the leading cause of stroke
  • Manage diabetes and high cholesterol
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Exercise regularly
  • Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
  • Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke
  • Limit alcohol intake
  • Treat atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat) if diagnosed

Be Prepared: Share This Information

Strokes can happen to anyone at any age, though risk increases with age. Share the F.A.S.T. guide with family, friends, and coworkers. Being able to recognize a stroke and act quickly could save a life—perhaps even your own.

If you or someone you know shows signs of a stroke, do not drive to the hospital. Call 999 immediately for an ambulance. Paramedics can begin lifesaving care on the way and alert the hospital to prepare for emergency treatment.

Remember: Time lost is brain lost. Act F.A.S.T. to save a life.